Tax Implications of Home Equity Loans and Refinancing

If you own a home, you have likely heard that mortgage interest is tax deductible. But when you tap your equity through a home equity loan or refinance your mortgage, the tax rules become more complex. Many homeowners assume all interest is deductible, yet the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 introduced important limits. Understanding the tax implications of home equity loans and refinancing can save you hundreds or thousands of dollars each year and prevent unwelcome surprises at tax time.

How the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Changed Home Equity Loan Deductions

Before 2018, interest on home equity loans was deductible up to $100,000 regardless of how you used the funds. You could borrow against your home to pay for a vacation, consolidate credit card debt, or buy a car, and still claim the deduction. The TCJA changed this significantly. Now, interest on home equity debt is only deductible if the loan proceeds are used to “buy, build, or substantially improve” the home that secures the loan. This means the funds must be reinvested into the property itself.

For example, if you take out a $50,000 home equity loan to remodel your kitchen, the interest on that loan is deductible (subject to overall mortgage debt limits). But if you use the same $50,000 to pay off student loans or fund a business, the interest is not deductible. The IRS treats that as personal interest, which is no longer deductible. This distinction is critical because the tax implications of home equity loans and refinancing depend entirely on how you use the borrowed money.

Additionally, the total mortgage debt limit changed. For tax years 2018 through 2025, the limit for acquisition debt (mortgages used to buy, build, or improve a home) is $750,000 for married couples filing jointly ($375,000 for separate filers). Home equity loans that qualify under the new rules count toward this limit. If your combined mortgage debt exceeds $750,000, you must allocate the deduction proportionally.

Refinancing and Your Mortgage Interest Deduction

Refinancing your primary mortgage can lower your interest rate, reduce monthly payments, or provide cash for other needs. Each of these scenarios has unique tax consequences. When you refinance simply to get a better rate without taking extra cash out, the new loan generally replaces the old acquisition debt. The interest remains deductible as long as the loan balance does not exceed the original acquisition debt limit. However, points paid on a refinance are not fully deductible in the year paid. Instead, you must amortize them over the life of the new loan.

Cash-out refinancing adds complexity. Suppose your home is worth $400,000, you owe $200,000, and you refinance for $300,000. You receive $100,000 in cash. If you use that $100,000 to finish your basement, the full new loan of $300,000 qualifies as acquisition debt (because the $100,000 was used for home improvement). But if you use the cash for any other purpose, only the original $200,000 is acquisition debt; the additional $100,000 is considered home equity debt that is not deductible. To calculate your deductible interest, follow these steps:

1. Determine the total new loan balance after refinancing.
2. Identify the portion of funds used for buying, building, or substantially improving the home.
3. Apply the acquisition debt limit of $750,000 (or $375,000 if married filing separately).
4. Calculate the percentage of interest that corresponds to the acquisition portion.
5. Deduct only that percentage on Schedule A, assuming you itemize.

Keeping detailed records of how you spend any cash-out proceeds is essential. The IRS may ask for receipts, contracts, or invoices to verify that the money was used for qualified improvements. Without documentation, you risk losing the deduction entirely. Understanding the tax implications of home equity loans and refinancing requires careful tracking of every dollar.

Tax Implications of Cash-Out Refinancing versus Home Equity Loans

When you need access to your home equity, you typically have two choices: a cash-out refinance or a home equity loan (also called a second mortgage). Both can provide lump-sum funds, but their tax treatment is identical under current law. The deductibility of interest depends solely on how the money is used, not which product you choose. However, other differences may influence your decision.

• Tax treatment: Both options allow interest deduction only if funds are used for home improvements. Personal use yields no deduction.
• Interest rate: Cash-out refinances usually offer lower rates because they replace your first mortgage. Home equity loans often have slightly higher rates because they are subordinate.
• Closing costs: Refinancing involves higher upfront costs (origination fees, appraisal, title insurance). Home equity loans may have lower or even zero closing costs.
• Payment structure: A cash-out refinance consolidates all debt into one payment. A home equity loan adds a separate payment to your existing mortgage.

To decide which route is better for your situation, compare current rates and terms. For accurate rate comparisons, see our guide on Top Rate Tracking Platforms for Home Loans and Refinancing, which lists tools that can help you find the best deal for your specific needs.

If you are building a new home, a construction loan might be a better fit than a home equity loan, especially if you do not yet have substantial equity. Our article on Construction Loan Financing for a New Home Build Made Simple explains how construction loans work and the tax implications of interest paid during the building phase. The same basic rule applies: interest on loans used to build your principal residence is generally deductible as acquisition debt.

Regardless of the product you choose, the tax implications of home equity loans and refinancing remain consistent. Always prioritize how you plan to use the funds before deciding which borrowing method to pursue.

How to Report Home Equity Loan Interest on Your Taxes

If you have a home equity loan or refinanced mortgage, your lender will send you Form 1098 showing the total interest you paid during the year. If the entire loan qualifies as acquisition debt (i.e., all proceeds were used for home improvement), you simply enter that amount on Schedule A line 8a. But if your loan is mixed-use, you must calculate the deductible portion manually.

For example, suppose you have a $100,000 home equity loan. You used $60,000 for a new roof (improvement) and $40,000 to pay off credit cards (personal). Your lender reported $5,000 in interest. You can deduct 60% of that interest, or $3,000, on Schedule A. The remaining $2,000 is nondeductible personal interest. Keep a worksheet with your tax records showing the allocation and the purpose of each expenditure. The IRS does not require you to attach this worksheet, but you should have it available in case of an audit.

When refinancing, if you paid points, amortize them over the loan term. For a 30-year refinance, you deduct 1/30 of the points each year. If you refinance again before the points are fully amortized, you can deduct the remaining balance in the year of the new refinancing. This rule can provide a one-time boost to your deduction if you refinance multiple times.

Common Misconceptions and Pitfalls

Many homeowners fall for myths about home equity loan deductions. Here are the most frequent mistakes:

• “All home equity interest is deductible.” False. Only interest on debt used to improve the home qualifies since 2018.
• “Points on a refinance are fully deductible in the year paid.” False. Points must be amortized unless the refinance is for a home purchase (acquisition debt).
• “I can deduct interest on a home equity loan for my rental property.” Different rules apply. For rental properties, interest is typically deducted on Schedule E, but the TCJA limits do not apply the same way.
• “If I take cash out for improvements, the whole loan is deductible.” True only if the original loan balance was all acquisition debt. If you previously refinanced and used some cash for personal purposes, only the improvement portion qualifies.

Avoiding these pitfalls requires careful planning. Consult a tax professional to review your specific situation, especially if you have multiple mortgages or complex finances. The tax implications of home equity loans and refinancing can be nuanced, and professional advice can help you maximize your deduction while staying compliant.

How RateChecker Can Help You Make Informed Decisions

Before you borrow against your home, it is essential to understand not only the tax rules but also the costs and rates available to you. RateChecker provides real-time mortgage rate comparisons and personalized rate discovery for purchase loans, refinances, and home equity products. By using their home equity rate tool, you can see current offers and choose a loan that aligns with your financial goals. Combining this rate information with a solid grasp of the tax implications ensures you make a decision that benefits both your short-term cash flow and your long-term tax situation.

Whether you are considering a home equity loan for a major renovation or refinancing to lower your rate, the key is to document your use of funds and stay within the mortgage debt limits. By doing so, you can take full advantage of the homeowner tax benefits available to you.